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发表于 2007-10-5 23:46
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边境牧羊犬的健康和遗传性疾病(美国边境牧羊犬协会)
The Border Collie stands alone in its exceptional ability to work livestock. ABCA defines the breed by this working ability. The main goal of any Border Collie breeder should be to produce sound, useful, working dogs. While Border Collies also excel in many non-herding activities, they should be bred primarily to work livestock. The ultimate responsibility for maintaining the integrity of this as yet unspoiled breed lies with the breeders. Breeders are urged to take this responsibility seriously. Puppy buyers are encouraged to buy only from those breeders who do take this responsibility seriously. 8 R G/ ~9 A% e% Z6 @
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边境牧羊犬以其特有的放牧能力而闻名(卓越).ABCA正是根据这种犬独特的工作能力而确立此犬种.所有边境牧羊犬的繁育(培育)者的主要任务是繁衍出健康而实用的工作犬.虽然边境牧羊犬除放牧羊群以外,也有其他卓越的特性,但繁育这种犬应该首先满足牧场的工作需要.繁殖者应该认真的承担这个责任. 鼓励幼犬购买者仅从那些勇于承担该职责的繁殖者手中购买.
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(美国人讲了这么多,其实中心思想就是一句话,边境牧羊犬应该首先满足牧场工作的需要,然后才是供大家做为宠物饲养.这种担心是正确的,因为如果大家都把边境做为宠物饲养,那估计牧场主就只好自己挥鞭子赶牛,赶羊了. 不过这种情况在我们中国是不需要担心的,担心也是多余的,试问哪位繁殖者会有这么高的觉悟, 把自己的幼犬送到牧场去工作. 扯远了好象,接着翻)
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# ?5 M" Q/ }9 P0 a& |Both breeders and buyers should understand there are risks involved in any breeding, regardless of the amount of care taken to avoid problems. In order to ensure a healthy gene pool for future generations of Border Collies, breeding prospects should be evaluated with reasonable concern for potential problems and realistic goals for what will be produced. The breeding prospect should be considered as a whole being, with positive and negative aspects of the individual being weighed and balanced for an overall picture of a dog's suitability. Breeding should be undertaken with thoughts of what the parents have to offer to their pups that could benefit the breed.
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繁殖者和购买者双方都应该清楚在繁殖中存在很多的风险,不管你付出多少努力试图避免这些问题的发生.为了保证世代的边境牧羊犬有健康的基因链, 繁殖者在繁殖之前应该给予足够的重视, 对将要繁殖出的幼犬的潜在问题及现实目标进行评估. 繁殖展望应该以一只狗是一个完整的生命为出发点,考虑其积极因素和消极因素两方面,要纵观全局考虑其适宜性.! d" D6 e! T: L# s9 _* N8 H( D4 |' g
繁殖也应该从父母(指狗)将给幼犬带来哪些影响来考虑, 这将有益于该犬种发展.% t4 o! ^ Z/ F+ [
1 q$ P% O/ X" W+ C: N* e翻译的有点绕嘴,不太好意思,这里给大家白话讲一下, 这段主要是指繁殖对这个犬种有着很深远的意义,繁殖者要重视,繁殖前要做好计划,要进行评估.比如, 哪一天,国内突然发现有一只边边是一只红眼和一只蓝眼, 大家都超级喜欢. 如果你是这只犬的拥有者,这时就要做繁殖计划和评估, 从它后代的健康,会不会出现新的遗传疾病,对边境整个血系的影响等全盘考虑. 而不要以生出的小狗可以多卖几万两银子为繁殖目的.
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& I6 g. l8 x, m) z9 _说到这,我也想到了大家总是抱怨中国宠物市场没有RULES, 太多抄做,使大家要花好多钱才能买到自己喜爱的宠物,其实我还是觉着问题出在买方,而不是卖方. 买方市场里怎么可能会被卖方牵着鼻子走呢? 原因就是一个,买方信息不够灵通,买方知识匮乏,买方实际上是冲动性消费者,不是理智型或者成熟型消费者.这就给卖方(或者一些骗子)提供了机会和平台,他们今天可以抄做是因为大家知道的太少. 大家不要说现在边边少,基因不稳定,所以价格高.我不反对高品质有高价格,但我反对低品质高价格.大家要鉴别犬的好坏, 随便上网搜查,不能成为专家,至少一般人是蒙蔽不了的. 讲了这么多废话,其实就是想鼓励大家多学习, 多了解.国内朋友成为成熟型购买者的一天,市场就会健康,秩序就会井然./ j5 b, a9 R" i1 M& v
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Genetic Diseases 6 I7 f: q1 \: }# n. Y# i
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基因性疾病# L" ~7 @6 ~ P2 B
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. j) `. h I7 }/ j/ |To be considered a genetic disease, a health problem needs to have been demonstrated to be heritable, that is, passed on through one or both parents. Some diseases have high heritability, which means if the genes are present, the individual will have the disease, and some diseases have low heritability, meaning both genetic and environmental factors are involved in whether the disease occurs. It is generally easier to control diseases with high heritability because all individuals with the genetic makeup for the disease can usually be identified. The term heritable disease should be distinguished from the term congenital disease, or problems that are present from birth, which may or may not be heritable.
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遗传性疾病4 V% c2 A- B% ?: f! |
d; A- S# v$ {7 D- `) Q4 L当谈到基因性疾病时,身体上的病症通常需要证明它是可遗传,即通过单亲或双亲遗传, 一些疾病具有非常高的可遗传性, 就是说如果生命个体中带有这些基因, 那就会获得这样的疾病. 另一些疾病则具有比较低的可遗传性.即基因因素和环境因素两方面都可以决定个体是否获得某种遗传疾病. (也就是说,遗传性比较低的疾病,有的个体会被遗传,有的个体则不会被遗传. 遗传性强的疾病通常很容易被控制,因为所有带有遗传性基因疾病的个体,通常很容易被确认出来. 遗传性疾病应该和先天性疾病或从一出生就带有的一些可能会被遗传,也可能不会被遗传的疾病是完全不同的.
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* K$ S! J, Y; t7 Y( R _. \' h; rBorder Collies are considered to be a generally healthy breed. However, as in all animals, there are some potential health problems. This information is presented to help both breeders and buyers to become more aware of some of the health and genetic issues in the breed at this time. + J# {8 V0 o k
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; R4 B" |2 H1 v( jThe primary genetic diseases currently thought to be a problem in the breed are as follows: & o5 B( Y0 |) Z4 U& N3 ?$ f; g. m
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边境牧羊犬是一种健康的犬种,然而,象所有动物一样,它们也有一些隐性的疾病. 现在这些资料将帮助繁殖者和购买者更多的了解这一品种的一些健康及基因问题
, N6 a5 Q7 K# e% e/ Y+ Q当前在边境牧羊犬这一犬种中基本的基因疾病如下5 F. z6 R0 W; ]. N% N3 I
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Hip Dysplasia (HD) HD is by far the most prevalent known genetic disease that affects Border Collies. Factors that contribute to the development of HD ultimately cause the hip joint to be damaged. Joint damage called osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD) is manifested by cartilage and bone breakdown and irregular bony remodeling in response to stresses and inflammatory processes in the joint. DJD is, in effect, the identifiable result of factors that cause HD. The standard for diagnosing HD at this time is still the front extended-leg view of the hips on x-ray such as that evaluated by The Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA). OFA reports a 12.6% affected rate for Border Collies evaluated from 1974-2000. This HD incidence ranks them somewhere in the middle of the dog breeds. Pre-submission screening and selection for probable favorable OFA results by owners and their veterinarians very likely skews this percentage significantly to the low side. Therefore, the true incidence of HD is probably much higher, possibly as high as double the OFA figure. If true, this would mean, on average, one out of every four Border Collies has HD.
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9 g9 @/ S c) E+ X; m, }# OHIP DYSPLASIA 英文简写为 HD3 H) B* C, S, }# x5 {9 g
(也叫做 HIP JOINT DYSPLASIA, " ]; y ^: [% V( D: L
英文简写 HIP. 中文:髋关节疾病)* L$ x6 s$ n4 g( O% `
# ^+ l* N. u: Z) ~# OHD 是对边境牧羊犬影响最普遍的基因疾病.随着HD病情的发展将最终导致髋关节坏死.髋关节损坏称为骨关节炎,也被称为关节变性病(DJD), 它被证明在经重力和激烈性运动,其临床表现症状为髋关节结合出软骨病,骨质疏松和骨骼异常生长. DJD实际上,可以被确认的结果便是直接导致HD.目前最权威的诊断HD的方法仍然是用X 光透视后腿延长部分.比如象动物整形外科协会 (OFA). OFA 报告称从1974-2000年诊断的边境牧羊犬中有12.6%经受此种疾病折磨. HD这种疾病的影响范围在所有犬种疾病中排在中间位置. OFA的报告结果受兽医和饲养者的影响,报告结果的百分比数被大大减低了. 因此, 实际上这种疾病的影响范围可能非常之高,基本是OFA报告数字的1倍以上,即平均, 1/4 的边境牧羊犬具有这种疾病.
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Despite what some may claim, data from numerous scientific studies provide overwhelming evidence that HD is an inherited disease. It is thought to be caused by at least three and possibly as many as six primary genes. The number of genes involved, combined with the high incidence, means it's probable that most Border Collies are at least carriers of one or more of the genes that can contribute to the development of HD, even if they don't have the disease themselves. To confuse matters more, the expression of the disease is affected by environmental conditions such as the type and amount of food a dog gets at critical growth stages, as well as the type and amount of exercise and activity it gets. It must be remembered, however, that these environmental factors do not cause HD. They merely affect whether the HD genes present in that individual will be expressed to the fullest. Even if the expression of HD in a certain individual is suppressed by careful control of environmental factors, you have not changed the dog's genetic makeup. That dog will still pass on the genetic tendency for HD just as if it actually had the disease. Conversely, if a dog does not have the genes for HD, it won't develop the disease no matter how it's raised. 6 C. L+ j* U+ B( g% u3 m6 u1 h
* ~( P# `# @5 D4 G z& C5 m不管有些人怎么说, 无数的科学研究资料都压倒性的证明 HD是一种遗传性疾病。它被认为是由于至少3个最多6个的初级基因引起的. |
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